Age and causes of the Yellow River dissecting the Zoige Basin in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China.

Through extensive field investigation in the Zoige Basin of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, a typical sedimentary profile was found on the front scarp of the second terrace of Maqu reach of the Yellow River at the outlet of the Zoige Basin. This profile contains the stratigraphic sequence of paleolake facies and paleo-riverbed floodplain facies. Field observation and the analysis of particle size characteristics and optically stimulated luminescence dating showed the following results: (1) The profile includes a pale blue-grey paleolake deposit, which formed in a deep-water anoxic environment. This deposit was overlain by a mottled pebble layer with pale yellow-orange lenticular sand, which represents typical paleo-riverbed floodplain deposits, indicating a strong hydrodynamic process. The typical unconformity contact relationship between the two deposits shows that the profile recorded the sedimentary information of the transformation of the Zoige paleolake environment into the Yellow River paleo-river environment, which provides powerful sedimentary evidence for the Yellow River dissecting the Zoige paleolake. (2) The optically stimulated luminescence dating results showed the Zoige paleolake was dissected by the Yellow River at 37 ka BP, resulting in the discharge of lake water. At 35 ka BP, the lake water gradually became shallow and disappeared, and the Yellow River subsequently connected the water system of the Zoige Basin. (3) The East Kunlun fault induced strong tectonic movement in the late Pleistocene, and the Tibetan Plateau had a warm and humid climate at 37 ka BP. Under these conditions, the headward erosion of the Yellow River was aggravated in the faulted wide valley grassland between the Anyemaqen mountains and Xiqing mountains, and the Zoige paleolake was dissected by the Yellow River from west to east in the Maqu bottleneck reach. The results of this study have important scientific significance for in-depth understanding of the evolution of river-lake water systems and the formation of the Yellow River source water system in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Amadori Reaction Products of Theanine and Glucose: Formation, Structure, and Analysis in Tea.

Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) derived from the Maillard reaction between theanine and glucose (ARP 1), as well as pyroglutamic acid and glucose (ARP 2), were identified by liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectroscopy methods. The effects of initial reactant ratio, temperature, pH, and heating time on ARP generation were analyzed. The formation of both ARPs was most favored under 100 °C, while an alkaline environment slightly promoted the generation of ARP 1 and acidic conditions contributed more to ARP 2 formation. The decomposition of ARP 1 was suggested to be the predominant formation mechanism of ARP 2. Preparation, purification, and structure identification of ARP 1 were conducted, with its structure confirmed as 1-deoxy-1-l-theanino-d-fructose. The contents of ARP 1 in green, black, dark, white, yellow, and Oolong teas were quantitatively determined, of which black teas contained the highest levels of ARP 1, possibly due to the high glucose content and processing techniques.

Divergence in a master variator generates distinct phenotypes and transcriptional responses.

Genetic basis of phenotypic differences in individuals is an important area in biology and personalized medicine. Analysis of divergent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains grown under different conditions revealed extensive variation in response to both drugs (e.g., 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide [4NQO]) and different carbon sources. Differences in 4NQO resistance were due to amino acid variation in the transcription factor Yrr1. Yrr1(YJM789) conferred 4NQO resistance but caused slower growth on glycerol, and vice versa with Yrr1(S96), indicating that alleles of Yrr1 confer distinct phenotypes. The binding targets of Yrr1 alleles from diverse yeast strains varied considerably among different strains grown under the same conditions as well as for the same strain under different conditions, indicating that distinct molecular programs are conferred by the different Yrr1 alleles. Our results demonstrate that genetic variations in one important control gene (YRR1), lead to distinct regulatory programs and phenotypes in individuals. We term these polymorphic control genes "master variators."

Draft Genome Sequence of Cryptococcus flavescens Strain OH182.9_3C, a Biocontrol Agent against Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat.

Cryptococcus flavescens strain OH182.9_3C (3C) is a novel biopesticidal agent that can be used to control fusarium head blight of wheat. Here we present the draft genome sequence for 3C, the first for the species C. flavescens. Additionally, several genes that may contribute to the biocontrol activities of 3C were identified in silico.

Draft genome sequence of Pantoea ananatis B1-9, a nonpathogenic plant growth-promoting bacterium.

Pantoea ananatis B1-9 is an endophytic Gram-negative rhizobacterium that was isolated for its ability to promote plant growth and improve crop yield in the field. Here we report the draft genome sequence of P. ananatis B1-9. Comparison of this sequence to the sequenced genome of a plant-pathogenic P. ananatis strain, LMG20103, indicated that the pathogenesis-related genes were absent, but a subset of gene functions that may be related to its plant growth promotion were present.

Draft genome sequences of the Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strains Wayne1R and Wood1R.

Pseudomonas fluorescens strains Wayne1R and Wood1R have proven capacities to improve plant health. Here we report the draft genome sequences and automatic annotations of both strains. Genome comparisons reveal similarities with P. fluorescens strain Pf-5, reveal the novelty of Wood1R, and indicate some genes that may be related to biocontrol.

Draft genome sequences of the biocontrol bacterium Mitsuaria sp. strain H24L5A.

Mitsuaria sp. strain H24L5A is a plant-associated bacterium with proven capacities to suppress plant pathogens. Here, we report the draft genome sequences and automatic annotation of H24L5A. Comparative genomic analysis indicates H24L5A's similarity to the Leptothrix and Methylibium species, as well as several genes potentially contributing to its biocontrol activities.

Draft genome sequence of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas putida B001, an oligotrophic bacterium that induces systemic resistance to plant diseases.

Pseudomonas putida B001 is a rhizobacterium that was isolated on the basis of its abilities to grow under low-nutrient conditions and induce systemic resistance against bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of plants. Here we report the draft genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain B001. Comparison of this sequence to the sequenced genome of P. putida KT2440 points to a subset of gene functions that may be related to the defense-inducing functions of B001.

Draft genome sequence of the biocontrol bacterium Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61.

Chromobacterium sp. strain C-61 is a plant-associated bacterium with proven capacities to suppress plant diseases. Here, we report the draft genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain C-61. A comparison of this sequence to the sequenced genome of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 indicates the novelty of C-61 and a subset of gene functions that may be related to its biocontrol activities.